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Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association
The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (CCBA) ( in the Western United States, Midwest, and Western Canada; 中華公所 (中华公所) ''zhōnghuá gōngsuǒ'' (Jyutping: zung1wa4 gung1so2) in the East) is a historical Chinese Association established in various parts of the United States and Canada with large populations of Chinese. It is also known by other names such as Chong Wa Benevolent Association in Seattle, Washington and United Chinese Society in Honolulu, Hawaii.
==San Francisco==
Chinese Six Companies (Chinese: 六大公司) refers only to the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association in San Francisco, California.〔("The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association/Huiguan System", p. 62 in Him Mark Lai, ''Becoming Chinese American'', Rowman Altamira (2004). ISBN 0-7591-0458-1. )〕
The six original Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Associations in San Francisco were already operating as separate entities with some degree of mutual coordination〔"A Memorial…", p. 18–23 in (et al. 2006 ), is an example of a document jointly issued by the Six Companies as early as 1876.〕 before the first Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association was formally established in 1882.〔Delehanty〕 At the time, San Francisco had the U.S.'s largest Chinese population.〔"A Memorial…" claims 30,000 out of 60,000 in California and 150,000 nationwide in 1876; the 1860 U.S. Census shows 63,199 nationwide; the 1870 U.S. Census shows 105,465 nationwide.〕
The Six Companies consisted of the six most important Chinese district associations of California at that time: the Sam Yup Company, Yeong Wo Company, Kong Chow Company, Ning Yung Company, Hop Wo Company, and Yan Wo Company.〔(et al. 2006 ) p. 23.〕 Among their early efforts, they attempted to deter prostitution in the Chinese community, to encourage Chinese immigrants to lead moral lives, and to discourage what they described as excessive continuing Chinese immigration creating hostility toward Chinese already in America.〔(et al. 2006 ) p. 20 ''et. seq.''〕 In 1875, they endorsed the position that continued Chinese immigration was resulting in a general lowering of wages, both for whites and for Chinese already in America.〔(et al. 2006 ) p. 25.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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